Which of the following is true about species in primary succession?

In the context of primary succession, the statement about species establishing themselves after a significant disturbance in barren land accurately captures the essence of this ecological process. Primary succession occurs in environments that are devoid of soil and life, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. This type of succession begins with the colonization of pioneer species that can thrive in the harsh, bare conditions.

Pioneer species, often including lichens and mosses, are crucial in this process as they help create soil by breaking down the bare substrate and contributing organic matter as they die and decompose. This foundational role supports the gradual buildup of biodiversity as more complex plant species and eventually larger organisms start to inhabit the area.

The other options do not align with the defining characteristics of primary succession. For instance, invading already inhabited areas refers more to secondary succession, which occurs when a disturbance affects an existing ecosystem but leaves the soil intact. While fast-growing herbaceous species might be part of the succession process, they are not the sole characteristic of primary succession. Lastly, low biodiversity tends to be a feature at the early stages of primary succession, but the process aims to lead to higher biodiversity over time as more species establish themselves. Thus, option B correctly encapsulates the key concept of