What is the function of the zona pellucida in eggs?

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The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte (egg). Its primary role is to facilitate fertilization. When sperm encounter the zona pellucida, they must bind to it, which is an essential step for successful fertilization. The interaction triggers the acrosome reaction in the sperm, allowing it to penetrate the zona pellucida and reach the egg’s plasma membrane for fertilization to occur.

This highly specialized structure also plays a role in species-specific binding, ensuring that sperm from the correct species can fertilize the egg while preventing polyspermy, which is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, a condition that can lead to developmental issues. Thus, its function goes beyond simply surrounding the egg; it is crucial for ensuring the integrity of the fertilization process.

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