What is a primary succession?

Primary succession refers to the process of ecological development that occurs in an area where no soil or biological community previously existed, typically following a significant disturbance that creates a barren landscape, such as a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. This type of succession begins on exposed rocks or surfaces devoid of vegetation and organic soil, allowing for the gradual establishment of ecosystems over time.

The correct answer highlights that primary succession occurs in areas that are uninhabited due to a substantial disturbance. Initially, pioneer species like lichens and mosses colonize these bare substrates, eventually leading to soil formation as these organisms die and decompose. This process sets the stage for more complex plants and animal life to establish over time.

The other options refer to different contexts of ecological succession. Succession in stable environments or after minor disturbances typically involves more complex interactions with existing soil and communities, which would categorize them as secondary succession rather than primary. Additionally, the option mentioning succession that only involves herbaceous plants does not capture the broader concept of primary succession and overlooks the fact that primary succession can involve a range of plant types over time, including both herbaceous and woody species.